Corruption is one of those activities that is tough to define and almost impossible to remove. It has varying degree of impact on the organization and in a larger scale on the society, whether it appears separately or cumulatively. While an act of corruption by an individual or a private organization or a single institution, may not have a deeper impact in a larger scale, it trespasses the line of moral sanctity. Corruption gives indulgence to a course of actions which violates the rules of society and encourage people to think more about their personal gain by taking undue and hidden advantages of someone else's position, status, monetary or other conditions, even at the cost of cheating or endangering others. “In short, corruption can weaken the fabric of society until it frays to the point of destruction.”1 Corruption can occur on many different scales. There is corruption that occurs as small favours between a small number of people (petty corruption), while there is the corruption that affects the government on a large scale (grand corruption), and corruption that is so prevalent that it is part of the everyday structure of society (systemic corruption).

  Indrani Sen has judiciously commented in her famous book entitled Woman and Empire: Representations in the writings of British India(1858-1900) that colonial constructions were not only built along the axis of race, but also along the axis of gender. Undoubtedly colonial representations of these two categories of race and gender often displayed such complex and inextricable interconnections that it is very difficult to separate them. According to Mrinalini Sinha also (author of the book- Colonial Masculinity: The "manly Englishman" and the "effeminate Bengali" in the late nineteenth century) the emerging dynamics between colonial and nationalist politics in the 1880s and 1890s in India is best captured in the logic of colonial masculinity. Another eminent author Indira Chowdhury wrote in The Frail Hero and Virile History that colonially imposed stereotypes actually expressed the fabrication of ontological and epistemological distinctions between an “Occidental” Self that was in command and an "Oriental" Other that had to be commanded. Especially continuous attack of Masculine British Raj on frailty/effeminacy and cowardice of the Bengali male has become a very important topic of scholarly debate/ discussion.

  Ecotourism is a form of rural tourism that appeals to our ecological and social consciousness. Kalimpong, which has a tremendous prospect to be considered as an ecotourism hub, is the newly formed district of West Bengal and previously was one of the four sub-divisions of Darjeeling district. The region is located on the northern part of West Bengal. The name Kalimpong is derived from Lepcha word where Kalim means King’s Minister and Pong means Stronghold. Kalimpong is located at an altitude of 4,100 ft. Because of its relatively lower altitude compared to Darjeeling or Gangtok, the weather is milder and pleasant for most part of the year. Therefore the region is suitable for those tourists who are looking for pleasant climate combined with magnificent views of Kanchenjunga, other Himalayan snow peaks and lush greenery.

  To begin with, disadvantaged groups are composed of those who, because of their economic situation, gender, ethnic or linguistic origin, religion or political statuses (refugees) have less chance of being integrated socially and economically. They invariably do not have access to land, or other forms of income generating activities, and are generally deprived of basic social services like health, proper housing and education. In education, disadvantaged are those who either have no access to education or those who after few years of schooling, drop out without having acquired the minimum levels of skills required to manage further life in specific local and national contexts (Caillods, 1998). Most of them are likely to be disadvantaged in several arenas of social life, i.e. they are often disadvantaged in multiple levels. However, disadvantaged people are never a homogeneous category.

  One of the key contributions of Second-wave feminist theory is the making of a distinction between "sex" and "gender", a distinction that has subsequently been developed differently by different strands of feminist thought scientific, political, historical, philosophical and the like. For science studies in Feminist terms, the initial move as taken by de Beauvoir in the section called "The Data of Biology" in The Second Sex was to use the term sex to refer to the biological differences between men and women while gender indicated the vast range of cultural meanings attached to that basic difference1.

  اردو نثر میں افسانہ نگاری ایک اہم صنف کا درجہ رکھتی ہے۔ ناول کی طرح اردو میں افسانہ ہے مغرب کی

  Urbanisation and urban land use change detection is one of the focus area of the urban planners and geographers. In post-independent India,there are several planned towns and cities developed in different states among which Chandigarh,Gandhinagar,Bhubaneswar,Noida etc important(Shah,2012).In West Bengal the first two and most important planned townships set up by the government were Kalyani in Nadia district and Bidhannagar(Salt lake) in North twenty four parganas.This study focuses on the changing pattern of land use and land cover in Bidhannagar township and the adjacent area(municipality) from 1990 to 2010 with the help of remote sensing with an objective to detect the urban morphology of modern planned town and the changes that occur with time according to the need of the population. After independence in the late sixties decade it was developed as the most important planned residential town to support the increasing population of Kolkata. It was set up by filling up the wetlands of the moribund river Bidyadhari which was connected to Sundarban region in Ganga Delta.